Coccidiosis is transmitted in which way?

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites, primarily affecting the intestines of birds, including hawks. The transmission of coccidiosis can occur through various routes, which is why the correct choice includes all potential methods of transmission.

Transmission can occur by direct contact with an infected hawk, as these birds can shed the infectious agents in their droppings. This makes other birds susceptible if they come into contact with an infected bird. Additionally, the droppings of a sick hawk are a direct source of the parasites, contributing further to the spread of the disease.

Moreover, contaminated soil presents another transmission pathway. When poultry—known carriers of coccidiosis—are allowed to run in certain areas, their droppings can contaminate the ground. Hawks that later come into contact with such contaminated soil can ingest the parasites, leading to infection.

Thus, considering these multiple transmission routes, the correct answer encompasses all the ways coccidiosis can be transmitted, affirming that the disease can spread through direct contact, droppings, and contaminated environments.