How can a passage red-tailed hawk be distinguished from a passage red-shouldered hawk?

A passage red-tailed hawk can be distinguished from a passage red-shouldered hawk particularly by the presence of dark patagial marks. Patagial marks refer to the distinctive dark markings found on the wing's leading edge, which are a characteristic feature of red-shouldered hawks. In contrast, red-tailed hawks do not have these markings; they typically display a more uniform plumage without the striking dark bands.

While size can sometimes be a distinguishing factor, red-tailed hawks and red-shouldered hawks can overlap significantly in size, making size alone an unreliable method for identification. Eye color is also not a consistent distinguishing factor, as both species can exhibit variations. Vocalizations exist between the two, yet they are not always easily discernible without experience in bird calls. The most reliable and immediate visual cue for distinguishing between the two species is the presence of dark patagial marks on the red-shouldered hawk.